acxoyatl.

Headword: 
acxoyatl.
Principal English Translation: 

laurel branches used in penitential offerings (Karttunen); or fir branches (Anderson and Dibble translating Sahagún); or, a rope woven of reeds, branches, or grass
Angel Julián García Zambrano, "Ancestral Rituals of Landscape Exploration and Appropriation among Indigenous Communities in Early Colonial Mexico," in Sacred Gardens and Landscapes: Ritual and Agency, ed. Michel Conan (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Harvard University Press, 2007), 204.

Orthographic Variants: 
acxoiatl
IPAspelling: 
ɑkʃoyɑtɬ
Frances Karttunen: 

ACXOYA-TL branches used in penitential offerings; fir / planta cuyas hojas eran utilizadas por los sacerdotes para recoger la sangre que se sacaban por penitencia (S)[(1)Bf.10r, (1)Rp.58].
Frances Karttunen, An Analytical Dictionary of Nahuatl (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992), 3.

Attestations from sources in English: 

Branches of the acxoyatl were used in the festival of Huei Tozoztli, according to the Florentine Codex, Book 2, Chapter 4.

auh noviian qujtlalilia yn jchial, in mumuztli in vtlica, in vmaxac, noujian chialoia. Auh in mumuzco acxoiatl qujtlaliliaia, ynjc tlamacujlti ilhujtl, ynjc tzonqujҫa cempoalilhujtl: muchipa iuh muchiuhtiuja, yn jpan cecentetl ilhujtl, ynjc tlantiuh cecempoalilhujtl = And everywhere they set up his sanctuaries, shrines by the road, at crossroads. Everywhere he was awaited. And in the shrines they had fir branches laid on the five days with which the twenty-day [month] ended. Always they went to do this on each of the [five] days with which each month ended (central Mexico, sixteenth century)
Fr. Bernardino de Sahagún, Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain; Book 3 -- The Origin of the Gods, Part IV, eds. and transl. Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble (Santa Fe and Salt Lake City: School of American Research and the University of Utah, 1978), 12.

acxoyatl = a fir tree, or a wild laurel
Fr. Bernardino de Sahagún, Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain; Book 2 -- The Ceremonies, No. 14, Part III, eds. and transl. Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble (Santa Fe and Salt Lake City: School of American Research and the University of Utah, 1951), 78.

acxoyatl (n) = the wild laurel
Daniel Garrison Brinton, Ancient Nahuatl Poetry: Containing the Nahuatl Text of XXVII Ancient Mexican Poems (1887), 149.

tlenamaca, contema yn iacxoyauh, yn iuitz yeheço = He offered incense; he spread out his fir boughs, his bloodied maguey spines (central Mexico, sixteenth century)
Fr. Bernardino de Sahagún, Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain; Book 8 -- Kings and Lords, no. 14, Part IX, eds. and transl. Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble (Santa Fe and Salt Lake City: School of American Research and the University of Utah, 1951), 81.

The rope was used in foundation rituals, and it appears in the migration account associated with Chicomoztoc.
Angel Julián García Zambrano, "Ancestral Rituals of Landscape Exploration and Appropriation among Indigenous Communities in Early Colonial Mexico," in Sacred Gardens and Landscapes: Ritual and Agency, ed. Michel Conan (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Harvard University Press, 2007), 204.

acxoyatl = an instrument typical of plant material, e.g., agave, reed, or fir, used in ritual bloodletting and mock combat (FC 6:;215:13; GKC sec. 69, AUB 18, FC 2:78:30, FC 2:118:7–8, FC 2:130:7–13, FC 2:137:36); any of various needle-leaved species (see HERN 1:12–14), especially the fir (HERN 1:12–13, SANT: aXOYATE = ABIES RELIGIOSA, SEE TEZ CH 163 P. 472).
John Bierhorst, A Nahuatl-English Dictionary and Concordance to the Cantares Mexicanos (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1985), 26.

Attestations from sources in Spanish: 

in acxoyatl in huitztli = objetos del autosacrificio: ramas de un árbol, espinas de maguey = una metáfora para decir 'autosacrificio' (s. XVI)
Katarzyna Mikulska, "Te hago bandera...Signos de banderas y sus significados en la expresión gráfica nahua," Los códices mesoamericanos: Registros de religión, política y sociedad, coord. Miguel Angel Ruz Barrio y Juan José Batalla (Zinacantepec, Estado de México: El Colegio Mexiquense, 2016), 86..

in quihualtemaya inimacxoyauh annozo acxoyatl nauhpailloque inoncan inceppahualhui in quihuallittaca cecenmantoc in acxoyatl = al depositar acá sus "acxoyates" regresaron cuatro veces; vienen acá una vez, cuando quien disemina los "acxoyates" ve que van esparciéndose. [cuando acá depositaban sus "acxoyates" o "acxoyatl" volvieron allá cuantro veces; vienen una vez cuando acá ve que están esparciéndose sus "acxoyates" el que acá los dispersa.] (centro de Mexico, s. XVII)
Fernando Alvarado Tezozomoc, Crónica mexicayotl; traducción directa del náhuatl por Adrián León (México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1998), 16.