patolli.

Headword: 
patolli.
Principal English Translation: 

a pre-Columbian game, still played today in Mesoamerica, with religious and divinatory elements; beans were cast onto a mat painted black, with stripes; Molina calls it a game of fortune; apparently it could also be played on a ball court

Alonso de Molina: 

patolli. dados para jugar, o juego de fortuna
Alonso de Molina, Vocabulario en lengua castellana y mexicana y mexicana y castellana, 1571, part 2, Nahuatl to Spanish, f. 80r. col. 2. Thanks to Joe Campbell for providing the transcription.

Attestations from sources in English: 

In tlatoanj, in jquac qujnequja iiellelqujçaz tlanaoatiaia injc patoz, mjcujloa, ce patolpetlatl, ica tlilli, papatlactic in tlaxotlalli ic mjcujloa ce patolpetlatl, ica tlilli, papatlactic in tlaxotlalli ix mjcujloa, in vncan nepoalo ic netlanjoa: auh njman no mjxcoionja nauhtetl aiecotli, injc patolo injc netlanjoa = When he wished to be amused, the ruler commanded that they play patolli, that a mat on which patolli was played be painted black, in widely spaced stripes. So was it painted that there might be kept the count whereby the game could be won. And then also holes were drilled into the surfaces of four large beans with which patolli was played and the game was won (central Mexico, sixteenth century)
Fr. Bernardino de Sahagún, Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain; Book 8 -- Kings and Lords, no. 14, Part IX, eds. and transl. Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble (Santa Fe and Salt Lake City: School of American Research and the University of Utah, 1951), 59.

Auh in aqujn patoanj, in qujchaiaoa in etl, intla centetl etl ic teequechili, in moquetzticaz etl, in vmpa ic tzinmjmjltic: cenca tetzammachoia, cenca tlamaujçolli ipan mottaia: njman muchi qujtlanj, in jxqujch tlaçotli. = And he who played patolli, who cast the beans, if then he made one [of them] stand, if the bean stood up there on its thicker end, it was taken as a great omen; it was regarded as a great marvel. Then he won all the costly goods. (central Mexico, sixteenth century)
Fr. Bernardino de Sahagún, Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain; Book 8 -- Kings and Lords, no. 14, Part IX, eds. and transl. Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble (Santa Fe and Salt Lake City: School of American Research and the University of Utah, 1951), 30.

Patoa ica aiecotli, vevej etl nauhtetl in tlaixcoionjlli injc motlanj immatica in qujchaiaoa in nauhtetl etl, qujcujloa ce petlatl, tliltica, papatlactic in tlilli, injc mjcujloa patolpetlatl, in vncan mopouhtiuh tlapoaltetl matlactetl omome chichiquacentetl imaxca intlapoalteuh icecemme = Patolli was played with large beans -- four large beans with holes bored into the surfaces. The game was won when from their hands they scattered the four beans on a mat painted in widely spaced black [lines], with which the patolli mat was designed. There went to be added the counters -- twelve [of them], six the property of each, the counters of each of the contenders. (central Mexico, sixteenth century)
Fr. Bernardino de Sahagún, Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain; Book 8 -- Kings and Lords, no. 14, Part IX, eds. and transl. Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble (Santa Fe and Salt Lake City: School of American Research and the University of Utah, 1951), 29.

Ca ōpatōlōc. Ho Ho! Tlamalōc. Ye iuhqui = A game of fortune has been played. Ha ha! People have captured things [i.e., a captive has been taken]. It is already over with (Atenango, between Mexico City and Acapulco, 1629)
Hernando Ruiz de Alarcón, Treatise on the Heathen Superstitions That Today Live Among the Indians Native to This New Spain, 1629, eds. and transl. J. Richard Andrews and Ross Hassig (Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1984), 102.

Auh in patolli ça vel neneuhqui in tlachco mochioaya yn ollamaniztli ça no vmpa mochioaya in patololli = And patolli is much similar to the ball game played on the ball courts; patolli is also played there (central Mexico, sixteenth century)
Fray Bernardino de Sahagún, Primeros Memoriales, ed. Thelma D. Sullivan, et al. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997), 200.

oncā poliuhq̄ yn patolquachtli ȳ tiq̉macaya yn imomextin Alōso valençia yvan juᴼ perez de artiaga. auh ȳ tictemacaq̄ yn patolquachtli yexiquipilli yn nauhxiuhtica = At that time the patolquachtlis that we had been given to both Alonso de Valencia and Juan Pérez de Artiaga were stopped. We gave twenty-four thousand of them during four years.
James Lockhart, We People Here: Nahuatl Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico, Repertorium Columbianum v. 1 (Los Angeles: UCLA Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 1993), 284–285.

in vncan oonquetzaloc in patolco, in tlachco: ca oontlatlalililoc in maiehoatl in queceoatl, in nelpilonj = when he hath been placed there in the patolli game, in the ball game; for the glove, the leather hip-guard, the girdle have been placed on (central Mexico, sixteenth century)
Fr. Bernardino de Sahagún, Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain; Book 6 -- Rhetoric and Moral Philosophy, No. 14, Part 7, eds. and transl. Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble (Santa Fe and Salt Lake City: School of American Research and the University of Utah, 1961), 64.

Attestations from sources in Spanish: 

Yhuan ma tipato, ma ahuillotl ticmocuitlahui; oncan ticmonamictiz in ohui, in etic. = Y no te dediques a jugar patolli, a cosas vanas; ahí te toparás con lo peligroso, lo pesado.
Huehuehtlahtolli. Testimonios de la antigua palabra, ed. Librado Silva Galeana y un estudio introductorio por Miguel León-Portilla (México: Secretaría de Educación Pública, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1991), 70, 71.