See an image that represents pilli in the Visual Lexicon of Aztec Hieroglyphs, ed. Stephanie Wood (Eugene, Ore.: Wired Humanities, 2020-present).
NOBLE
In the Ordenanzas de Cuauhtinchan, the term pilli is distinguished from macehualli, showing social hierarchical relationships. After contact, Spanish colonizers tried hard to suppress the earlier practice of rulers staying in office many years, although election records show that it happened all the time. In the Ordenanzas, we see the explanation that, when rulers stayed in office a long time, they would feel self-important, and they would come to feel that they were of the pilli class and not the macehualli class that they might well come from (e.g. the tequitlato, a lower-level community officer). (Puebla, sixteenth century)
Luis Reyes García, "Ordenanzas para el gobierno de Cuauhtinchan, año de 1559," Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl 10 (1972), 282–283, paragraph 120.
xillomantzin tlahtohuani culhuacan oncan tlacat aculmiztli çan pilli çan hualla yn nican nemico tlatilolco = Xilomantzin, ruler of Culhuacan, took and asked for her, whence was born Acolmiztli, only a nobleman. He just came here to live in Tlatelolco. (central Mexico, early seventeenth century)
Codex Chimalpahin: Society and Politics in Mexico Tenochtitlan, Tlatelolco, Culhuacan, and Other Nahuatl Altepetl in Central Mexico; The Nahuatl and Spanish Annals and Accounts Collected and Recorded by don Domingo de San Antón Muñón Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin, eds. and transl. Arthur J. O. Anderson and Susan Schroeder (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997), vol. 2, 112–113.
pipiltin (plural)
Antonio Rincón, Arte mexicana: Vocbulario breve, que solamente contiene todas las dicciones ue en esta arte se traen por exemplos (1595), 5r.
theuc totolim, ca huey Pillí, cuali Eztlí = Theuctotolim, cah hue:i pilli, cualli eztli = Teuctotolin, who was a great noble of good blood.
Anónimo mexicano, ed. Richley H. Crapo and Bonnie Glass-Coffin (Logan, UT: Utah State University Press, 2005), 50.
Pipiltin Mexíca yei xiquípillí = twenty-four thousand Mexica nobles
Anónimo mexicano, ed. Richley H. Crapo and Bonnie Glass-Coffin (Logan, UT: Utah State University Press, 2005), 30.
Ypan onpoali yhuá chi come xihuitl oazico yn Pilli. Xolotl, ohuallaque hoc yeintin tlatoque = In the forty and seventh year after the noble Xolotl arrived, another three rulers came.
Anónimo mexicano, ed. Richley H. Crapo and Bonnie Glass-Coffin (Logan, UT: Utah State University Press, 2005), 16.
Pili is used in Techialoyan manuscripts in unlikely ways, such as to refer to the viceroy don Antonio de Mendoza. Huey pili is also seen in this genre of manuscripts as a descriptor for various high nobles of prehispanic times.
See the Ocoyacac manuscript, for example, Ms America No. 7, Staatsbibliothek Preussischer Kulturbesitz, folio 1vta
Pilli and pipiltin are both found linked with tlatoani (tlatuani in the Nahuatl document) in a narrative of migration that was translated in the second half of the eighteenth century.
Danièle Dehouve, "Dos relatos sobre migraciones nahuas en el Estado de Guerrero," Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl 12 (1976), see several examples on 144.
CHILD
in tepiltzin tlaçopilli, calitic cunetl chanecaconetl teuiotica tepiltzin
Ichtacaconetl, calpan pilli, calpan conetl, mecaconetl mecapilli = One's child; [that is,] the legitimate child, the child born within the household, the child born within the habitation, the spiritually acceptable child.(central Mexico, sixteenth century).
Fr. Bernardino de Sahagún, Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain; Book 10 -- The People, No. 14, Part 11, eds. and transl. Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble (Santa Fe and Salt Lake City: School of American Research and the University of Utah, 1961), 2.
Ichtacaconetl, calpan pilli, cakpan conetl, mecaconetl mecapilli = The secret child, the bastard; the bastard, the child of a slave, the slave's child. Fr. Bernardino de Sahagún, Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain; Book 10 -- The People, No. 14, Part 11, eds. and transl. Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble (Santa Fe and Salt Lake City: School of American Research and the University of Utah, 1961), 2.
ayac ypilçin = she has no children (Cuernavaca region, ca. 1540s) The Book of Tributes: Early Sixteenth-Century Nahuatl Censuses from Morelos, ed. and transl. S. L. Cline, (Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center Publications, 1993), 126–127.
muchin pipiltzitzintin yhuan sequintin huehuey tlaca oquitzatzilique oquilhuique pan pan pa señor capitan ye tapismiquisque ye tapismiquisque = all the children together with some adults shouted to him, telling him "Bread, bread, bread, lord captain, we'll starve, we'll starve!" (Puebla, 1675–1699)
James Lockhart, Nahuatl as Written: Lessons in Older Written Nahuatl, with Copious Examples and Texts (Stanford: Stanford University Press and UCLA Latin American Studies, 2001), 206.
absolutive reverential means child and is genderless (44–45); form without reverential always means male noble (46–47)
Horacio Carochi, S.J., Grammar of the Mexican language with an explanation of its adverbs (1645), translated and edited with commentary by James Lockhart, UCLA Latin American Studies Volume 89 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, UCLA Latin American Center Publications, 2001), xviii
At times we find an unusual h before an initial i: hitlaçopiltzin = his precious son (San Pablo Tepemaxalco, Toluca Valley, 1693)
Caterina Pizzigoni, ed., Testaments of Toluca (Stanford: Stanford University Press and UCLA Latin American Center Publications, 2007), 131.
-piltzin = son
Caterina Pizzigoni, ed., Testaments of Toluca (Stanford: Stanford University Press and UCLA Latin American Center Publications, 2007), 19.
nopihua has been seen for nopilhuan in Toluca
Caterina Pizzigoni, ed., Testaments of Toluca (Stanford: Stanford University Press and UCLA Latin American Center Publications, 2007), 38.
also spelled: pili
Thelma Sullivan, Documentos Tlaxcaltecas del siglo XVI en lengua náhuatl (Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1987), 30.
topilhuan = our children
The possessed form just about always means children rather than nobles.
James Lockhart, personal communication, December 19, 2007.
oquitemacaya polboz ynic ynca omocacayahua pipiltoton = He gave out powders by means of which he took advantage of small children
Here in This Year: Seventeenth-Century Nahuatl Annals of the Tlaxcala-Puebla Valley, ed. and transl. Camilla Townsend, with an essay by James Lockhart (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010), 150–151.
piltõtli. maviltia. tlaololoa. tzatzi. = Small child [man's or woman's]: It amuses itself, it makes mud balls, it cries out.
Fray Bernardino de Sahagún, Primeros Memoriales, ed. Thelma D. Sullivan, et al. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997), 252.
piltzintli. ayamo tlacaq’. ayamo quimati = Child [man’s or woman’s]: It does not yet understand, it knows nothing yet
Fray Bernardino de Sahagún, Primeros Memoriales, ed. Thelma D. Sullivan, et al. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997), 252.
Ioan mitoaya, in aquin pilli, tlazopilli: motenoaya: tecozqui, tequetzal, tepiltzin = And nobles and sons of nobles were called: Someone's necklace, someone's quetzal-feather plumage; someone's son.
Thelma D. Sullivan, "Nahuatl Proverbs, Conundrums, and Metaphors, Collected by Sahagún," Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl 4 (1963), 156–157.