yctlahuiloz chiquacen achas; yvan occequi candela ynic tlahuitiazque cofrademe = it will be lighted with six hachas and another candle such that they will be going lighting it the cofradia members (Tula, 1570) John Frederick Schwaller, "Constitution of the Cofradía del Santíssimo Sacramento of Tula, Hidalgo, 1570," Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl 19 (1989), 230–231. mopiaz cndelas xicocuitlatl = they will guard wax candles (Tula, 1570) John Frederick Schwaller, "Constitution of the Cofradía del Santíssimo Sacramento of Tula, Hidalgo, 1570," Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl 19 (1989), 224–225. yhuan nohuiyan cuahuitl oquitlatlahtique yn inquiyahuac yn intlapanco españoles. yhuan candelas sepo tlatlatlac luminarios. = and everywhere the paniards burned wood outside their house and on their roofs, and tallow candles, luminarios, were also burned. (central Mexico, 1613) Annals of His Time: Don Domingo de San Antón Muñón Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin, James Lockhart, Susan Schroeder, and Doris Namala, eds. and transl. (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006), 232–233. Candelanamacac, candelachiuhqui, xiocuitlachioa, tlaztalia, tlapaca, tlapaoaci, tlachipaoa, tlaatilia tlatzoionia tlateteca. = The candle seller, a candle maker, prepares beeswax - blanches, washes, boils, purifies, melts, cooks, prepares, bathes it. (central Mexico, sixteenth century) Fr. Bernardino de Sahagún, Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain; Book 10 -- The People, No. 14, Part 11, eds. and transl. Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble (Santa Fe and Salt Lake City: School of American Research and the University of Utah, 1961), 91. niman quitlatizqui çe tomavac Candella = Then they will light a thick [Spanish style] candle. (central Mexico, sixteenth century) Fray Alonso de Molina, Nahua Confraternities in Early Colonial Mexico: The 1552 Nahuatl Ordinances of fray Alonso de Molina, OFM, ed. and trans., Barry D. Sell (Berkeley: Academy of American Franciscan History, 2002), 102–103. opa quitias Cadela yhua xochil = from there will come candles and flowers (San Pablo Tepemaxalco, Toluca Valley, 1731) Caterina Pizzigoni, ed., Testaments of Toluca (Stanford: Stanford University Press and UCLA Latin American Center Publications, 2007), 153. candela yollotli = heart of the candle, the candle wick Alonso de Molina, 1571, Vocabulario en lengua mexicana y castellana (www.idiez.org.mx), f. 12v. catellachiuhqui = candlemaker; cantelachiuhqui = candlemaker; catellanamacaque = candle seller; cantelachiuhque = candlemakers (Coyoacan, ca. 1550) Beyond the Codices, eds. Arthur J.O. Anderson, Frances Berdan, and James Lockhart (Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center, 1976), Doc. 25, 138–145. candelas ic mocohuaz (Xochimilco, 1572) Frances Karttunen and James Lockhart, Nahuatl in the Middle Years: Language Contact Phenomena in Texts of the Colonial Period, Linguistics 85 (Los Angeles, University of California Publications, 1976), Doc. 2. catelan xochitzintli copaltzintli yc mocouhtiaz (Chiucnauhapan, Coyoacan, 1608) Frances Karttunen and James Lockhart, Nahuatl in the Middle Years: Language Contact Phenomena in Texts of the Colonial Period, Linguistics 85 (Los Angeles, University of California Publications, 1976), Doc. 3. yc quiças candelas 2 tos (San Bartolomé Atenco, Coyoacan, 1617) Beyond the Codices, eds. Arthur J.O. Anderson, Frances Berdan, and James Lockhart (Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center, 1976), Doc. 3. cera candelas yc ninotocaz (Coyoacan, 1622) Beyond the Codices, eds. Arthur J.O. Anderson, Frances Berdan, and James Lockhart (Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center, 1976), Doc. 4. camdela = candles (central Mexico, early seventeenth century) Annals of His Time: Don Domingo de San Antón Muñón Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin, James Lockhart, Susan Schroeder, and Doris Namala, eds. and transl. (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006), 78–79. auh yaque quitlanilito yn candela amo quince quitemacaz = and they went, they went to ask her for the candle. She did not want to give it away (early seventeenth century, Central Mexico) Louise M. Burkhart, Before Guadalupe: The Virgin Mary in Early Colonial Nahuatl Literature, Institute for Mesoamerican Studies Monograph 13 (Albany: University at Albany, 2001), 142. A testator in Amecameca in 1625, doña Petronila de Turcio, asks that a large quantity of maize be sold and many candles be purchased and left at the feet of seven different saints images (all named), presumably in the church. Vidas y bienes olvidados: Testamentos en náhuatl y castellano del siglo XVII, vol. 3, Teresa Rojas Rabiela, et al, eds. (México: CIESAS, 2002), 166–167. In Book 10 of the Florentine Codex, the image (141) associated with the text describing the candle seller, shows a man using a European method for candle making. He also wears a European hat. (central Mexico, sixteenth century) Fr. Bernardino de Sahagún, Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain; Book 10 -- The People, No. 14, Part 11, eds. and transl. Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble (Santa Fe and Salt Lake City: School of American Research and the University of Utah, 1961), see image 141 and the text on page 91. hualmoquetzino yn omoteneuhtzino visurrey yn quimopahpaquiltillique oncan hualmotztilitoya ynic oncan tlatzĩtla yxquichcapa ceceyaca oome mãtihui yn ixquichtin. caualleros españolesme in ye mochintin onpohuallonchicuey in ye no ni cuel mocencauhque yn intlaҫotlatquitica vncan conmotlapalhuiaya yxpantzinco onmopachohuaya yn tlahtohuani moch tlacauallohuia candelas achas yn inmac tlatlatlatiuh ynin mochiuh ypan chicome tzillini ye yohuac yn pahpacohuac yhuan yn oncã tecpan tlapantenco y nohuian cenca miec yn õcan tlatlac sepocandelas. ynic mochiuh yn motenehua luminarios = while they feted him he looked on at each of all the Spanish cavaliers below going in pairs, 48 in all, again outfitted in their precious gear; there they greeted the ruler and bowed down before him, and everything was on horseback, with burning candles and tapers in their hands. This celebration took place at 7 o'clock in the evening. And on the palace roof everywhere very many tallow candles burned, making what are called luminarios (central Mexico, 1609–1610) Annals of His Time: Don Domingo de San Antón Muñón Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin, James Lockhart, Susan Schroeder, and Doris Namala, eds. and transl. (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006), 160–161. yhuan cenca huel nohuiyan tlatlac ỹ cuahuitl ciudad. mexico yn inchan yn intlatlapanco yn incaltenpa españoles. ҫa ce ynic nohuiyan ohtlipan tlatlac yuhquin tlaztalotl moquetz mexico. auh yn monasterios teopixcan mochi sepo candelas yn teopantlapanticpac tlatlatlac yn iuh mochi tlacatl oquittac = and absolutely everywhere in the city of Mexico wood was burned at the homes of the Spaniards, on their roofs and outside their houses, and there were fires absolutely everywhere on the roads; it became as bright in Mexico as the coming of dawn's light. And in all the monasteries, where there are friars, tallow candles were burned on the roofs of the churches, as everyone saw (central Mexico, 1614) Annals of His Time: Don Domingo de San Antón Muñón Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin, James Lockhart, Susan Schroeder, and Doris Namala, eds. and transl. (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006), 288–289.