Principal English Translation:
a large non-flying, reddish beetle (see Karttunen and Molina); a stink beetle or acrobat beetle; see the image of the beetle in the DFC
Digital Florentine Codex/Códice Florentino Digital, edited by Kim N. Richter and Alicia Maria Houtrouw, "Book 11: Earthly Things", fol. 98v, Getty Research Institute, 2023. https://florentinecodex.getty.edu/en/book/11/folio/98v/images/f7339077-6... Accessed 4 November 2025.
Alonso de Molina:
pinacatl. escarauajo grande y bermejo que no buela.
Alonso de Molina, Vocabulario en lengua castellana y mexicana y mexicana y castellana, 1571, part 2, Nahuatl to Spanish, f. 82r. col. 1. Thanks to Joe Campbell for providing the transcription.
Frances Karttunen:
PĪNACA-TL large nonflying, reddish beetle / escarabajo grande y bermejo que no vuela (M) [(1)]Cf.122v].
Frances Karttunen, An Analytical Dictionary of Nahuatl (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992), 196.