water-owners (deities); in the Treatise of Alarcón, a metaphorical name for clouds (Atenango, between Mexico City and Acapulco, 1629); see also our entry for ahuaque Hernando Ruiz de Alarcón, Treatise on the Heathen Superstitions That Today Live Among the Indians Native to This New Spain, 1629, eds. and transl. J. Richard Andrews and Ross Hassig (Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1984), 220.
divinities that make/cause rain, thunder, lightning and lightning bolts that strike trees.
live oak (see Molina); or holm oaks and bushes (DFC) Digital Florentine Codex/Códice Florentino Digital, edited by Kim N. Richter and Alicia Maria Houtrouw, "Book 11: Earthly Things", fol. 113v, Sahagún, Bernardino de. Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain. Transcribed and translated with notes by Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble. 2nd rev. ed. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research / University of Utah Press, 1950–82. Getty Research Institute, 2023. https://florentinecodex.getty.edu/en/book/11/folio/113v Accessed 11 November 2025.
a thorn or spine; a hairy worm; a caterpillar; (vowel length is important for distinguishing these meanings from the meaning oak tree; see Karttunen and Molina)
an oak tree; also, attested as a Nahuatl surname (Ahuatl) from 1560 (as in the Matrícula de Huexotzinco) and into the 19th c.; and then as Agua in the 20th c.
one of the boundaries of the Nonohualca of Tollan (Tula) Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca, 4v. Taken from the image of the folio published in Dana Leibsohn, Script and Glyph: Pre-Hispanic History, Colonial Bookmaking, and the Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca (Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 2009), 65. Paleography and regularization of this toponym by Stephanie Wood.