a Spanish surname carried by a mestizo, Gabriel de Villafuerte, who was the son of an indigenous noblewoman named doña Juana (daughter of Huehue Chicome Xochitzin) and a Spanish captain and conqueror who came to Mexico in the company of Hernando Cortés, Juan Rodríguez de Villafuerte; Gabriel's grandfather Huehue Chicome Xochitzin was the son of Cacamatzin tlacochcalcatl, who was the son of Tlilpotonqui cihuacoatl, who was the son (apparently) of Tlacaeleltzin; such a genealogy links pre-contact with Spanish colonial times
(central Mexico, seventeenth century) Codex Chimalpahin: Society and Politics in Mexico Tenochtitlan, Tlatelolco, Culhuacan, and Other Nahuatl Altepetl in Central Mexico; The Nahuatl and Spanish Annals and Accounts Collected and Recorded by don Domingo de San Antón Muñón Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin, eds. and transl. Arthur J. O. Anderson and Susan Schroeder (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997), vol. 2, 89–90, 98–99.
Virgo, a sign of the zodiac; actually, originally a loanword from Latin, although possibly similar in siixteenth-century Spanish; see Lori Boornazian Diel, The Codex Mexicanus: A Guide to Life in Late-Sixteenth-Century New Spain (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2018), 173.
Also attested as a sign of the zociac in: central Mexico, early seventeenth century, Codex Chimalpahin: Society and Politics in Mexico Tenochtitlan, Tlatelolco, Culhuacan, and Other Nahuatl Altepetl in Central Mexico; The Nahuatl and Spanish Annals and Accounts Collected and Recorded by don Domingo de San Antón Muñón Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin, eds. and transl. Arthur J. O. Anderson and Susan Schroeder (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997), vol. 2, 124–125.
viceroy, or vice-king, highest colonial official, a position held by Spaniards (see also virrey, which is somewhat less common as a loanword in Nahuatl texts) James Lockhart, Nahuatl as Written: Lessons in Older Written Nahuatl, with Copious Examples and Texts (Stanford: Stanford University Press and UCLA Latin American Studies, 2001), 241.
eve (of a saint's day, holiday, etc.), the night before
(a loanword from Spanish)
James Lockhart, Nahuatl as Written: Lessons in Older Written Nahuatl, with Copious Examples and Texts (Stanford: Stanford University Press and UCLA Latin American Studies, 2001), 241.
by gourd container (called a jícara in Spanish) (a measure); also translates as in a vessel, with or by means of a (gourd) vessel Robert Haskett and Stephanie Wood's notes from Nahuatl sessions with James Lockhart and subsequent research.
lady, madam (a loanword from Spanish, same as señōrah)
James Lockhart, Nahuatl as Written: Lessons in Older Written Nahuatl, with Copious Examples and Texts (Stanford: Stanford University Press and UCLA Latin American Studies, 2001), 241.
the Roman numerals for 40 (L, or 50, minus X, or 10) Luis Reyes García, Eustaquio Celestino Solís, Armando Valencia Ríos, et al, Documentos nauas de la Ciudad de México del siglo XVI (Mexico City: Centro de Investigación y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social y Archivo General de la Nación, 1996), 98.
house lot; sometimes cultivated; sometimes seen in Tlaxcala as though in a reference to the grid (traza), or a street (in Puebla) (a loanword from Spanish, solar) S. L. Cline, Colonial Culhuacan, 1580-1600: A Social History of an Aztec Town (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1986), 236. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, can be seen to mean barrio or pueblo. (See attestations in Spanish.) See also our entry for solar.
abbreviation for Cristo ("Christ"); there should be an overline on the p James Lockhart, The Nahuas after the Conquest: A Social and Cultural History of the Indians of Central Mexico, Sixteenth through Eighteenth Centuries (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992), 413.